Measuring potential difference
The energy needed to move electrons through a component is a measure of the potential difference across the component and is measured in volts.
If one joule of energy is required to move one coulomb of charge through a component in a circuit, then the potential difference across the component is The potential difference across a component when 1 joule of energy is required to move 1 coulomb of charge through the component. (or 1 joule per coulomb).
The energy transferred to the charge (electrons) by the battery is transferred to the components in the circuit when the electrons move through the circuit.